The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty achieved unprecedented levels of progress by controlling equally vast lands and territories, utilizing ecological, economic and human resources, and consolidating power through unification of their regimes within a common legal and cultural framework. The Roman Empire extended from what is now the British Isles to what is now Iraq and lasted for five hundred years from 27 BC to 467 AD. The Han Dynasty dominated Asia from the Korean Peninsula to what is now Vietnam and lasted for over four hundred years from 206 BC to 220 AD. The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were among the most advanced civilizations of the ancient world, prevailing over their respective areas, experiencing a higher standard of living, and leaving lasting influences behind. However, the Roman Empire surpassed the Han Dynasty for a multitude of reasons, including innovative leadership, military prowess, and technological achievements. The ruling body of the Roman Empire was inherently capable of uniting the vast and diverse regions that made up their realm area. The Republic that preceded it was weakened by a series of civil wars. The highest level of government was the absolute rule of the emperor. Emperors established and maintained institutions that held them together and helped diverse populations adopt Roman customs, including well-developed written laws, uniform currency, and a fixed system of weights and measures. Such institutions are intertwined with modern principles that shape Western civilization, lasting long after the empire that developed them (Emmons, “Roman Empire”). The creation of the Roman Empire eventually occurred as a result of the appointment of Julius Caesar on 1st December. ..... half the paper ...... the stirrup was also invented by the Han people as were the block printing, the compass, the seismograph, the wheelbarrow for cartography and advances in medicine, mathematics and astrology. The Technology of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were both significant. Rome's municipal planning surpassed China's technological advances, as it was a model of a planned community that reflected the needs of its citizens. The two major empires, the Roman Empire in the west and the Han dynasty in the east, ruled over large sections of the world's population. The significance of these empires in history was undeniable. Although the two classical empires had separate models of progress, both became unparalleled models for later imperialists. The Roman Empire was more advanced than the Han Dynasty in terms of leadership, military forces, and technology.