When used correctly, vagueness can make a word appear polite, helping both parties gain respect, which helps achieve ideal communication (Zhao & Nie, 2015). Withholding information or using vague language can be both misleading and unethical if used incorrectly and tends to increase the level of conflict between negotiating agents. Ethical negotiators should always be open and available to the other party, providing them with all available information to enable them to make a responsible decision. There seems to be a general presumption of deception in negotiating. However, as Provis (2000) states, if you believe that the practice of deception is being used you may risk harming innocent people. Furthermore, people's experience with negotiation varies widely and there is an asymmetry of knowledge. It seems unfair that parties with a weaker ethical commitment prosper at the expense of those with a stronger commitment. There appears to be a fairly large gray area where negotiation tactics can be seen as marginally unethical and justifiable in specific circumstances (Lewicki & Robinson,