Critics of Hofstede's work argue that Hofstede's study is flawed and obsolete; for example, Hofstede's analysis has a static and polarized view of culture and is believed to be stable over time, while now with globalization, internationalization and convergence of cultures, cultures are rapidly changing (Fang 2009). Although Hofstede's work is controversial to say the least, his work on culture, which Hofstede (1980, 1981) defines as “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes members of one group or category of people from others,” is still the most cited. in the existing field of cross-cultural management (Bond 2002). Furthermore, Hofstede's innovative research has successfully enabled other cross-cultural scholars to understand and capture the challenging concept of national cultural stereotypes in measurable and concrete terms (Fang