Nyaya LogicNyaya also known as Tarka-vidya (“Science of Reasoning”), Vada-vidya (“Science of Argumentation”), Parman-sastra (“Science of logic and Epistemology”), Hetu-vidya (“Science of causality”), Anvīks̩kī: (“Science of critical study”). The founder of Nyaya was Gautama (also known as Gotama) who was also referred to by names such as Aksa-pada (“Eyefoot”) and Dirga-tapas (“Long Penance”). In ancient India people were given nicknames based on people's lifestyle and habits. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay The main text written by Gotama is known as Nyaya-sutra on which Nyaya-bhasya was written by Vatsayan. Vartika on Nyaya-bhasya was written by Uddyotakara, on which Taparya-tika was a commentary written by Vachaspati. Nyaya is a school of atomistic pluralism and logical realism. It is related to Vasesika syatem (samanantara), Vasesika develops ontology and metaphysics, Nyaya develops logic or epistemology. "Earthly life is full of suffering, as slavery of the soul," is recognized by both. Nyaya proposes the existence of two types of knowledge Valid (prama) and invalid (aprama). The Nyaya preserves the “correspondence theory” known from Paratah pramanya. Types of knowledge valid according to the Nyaya: Perception - pratakshya Inference - anumana Comparison - upmana Testimony - sruti Invalid Types of knowledge according to Nyaya Smrti - memory Samasya - doubt Viparyaya - error (misunderstanding) Tarka - hypothetical reasoning Types of Nyaya syllogism are:Pratijna: this hill has fireHetu: because it has smokeUdaharana: whatever has smoke has fire.Upanaya: this hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire.Naigama: therefore this hill has fire.Western LogicWestern logic is basically the thinking of the western part of the world. It began with the Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics such as Thales (624-526 BC) and Pythagoras (570-495 BC). The word philosophy originates from the Greek which literally means "love of wisdom". The scope of logic is the ancient understanding of the work of some intellectual scholars and included problems of philosophy as they are understood today, but also included many other disciplines such as problems of pure mathematics and natural sciences (Physics, Astronomy, Biology). Western Logic is divided into 5 parts and precisely according to the time period in which they were suggested:1. Ancient:a)Pre-Socratic periodb)Socratec)Platodes)Aristotle2. Middle Ages3. Renaissance4. Modern)Early modern (17th and 18th centuries)b)Late modern (19th century)5. Contemporary (21st century)a)Analyticalb)Continentalc)Pragmatismd)Process)ThomismComparative studyWestern logicThe Greek philosopher Aristotle primarily provided theories on Western logic around 384-322 BC Western logic soon became immensely popular and replaced the conventional form of Stoic logic in the western parts of the world. This logic was soon taken up by the medieval Arab and Latin traditions. Aristotle's work was mainly based on 4 logical bases: CategoriesInterpretationPrevious analyticsPosterior analytics. The method of logic mainly depends on the method of deduction which involves the premise of concluding observation of the argument and the method of induction in which the arguments change from particular to universal. In this syllogistic method the primary premise is also universal and can be positive or negative. In the secondary premise the statements are universal or particular such that a valid conclusion can be derived from those premises. Ex. All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore Socrates is mortal, Every living being moves (Primary premise), Nonestone moves (secondary premise), no stone lives (conclusion). Aristotalian theory implies the true nature of thought, if thought, language and reality are assumed to be isomorphic, then we will have a better insight into our reasoning and considerations. In the categorical scenario the predicate shows the 3 different ways in which it can be related to each other: Homonymy (“Equivocal”) Synonymy (“Univocal”) Paraonymy (“Derivative”). In this type of situation there are different propositions in 10 attributes which are substance, quantity, quality, relative, where, when, being in a position, acting and being influenced by. The main attribute is the “individual thing itself”. The species in the genes are the secondary substance to which the individual substance belongs. According to the theory of interpretation predicates are combined with subjects to form propositions or assertions each of which gives a true or false result but this logic creates an error when applied to the future. In the scenario of future events the outcome is uncertain i.e. it is not certain that the event will occur nor necessarily that it will not occur. According to Aristotle, mathematical logic opens the way to knowledge that derives from the already known processes of the syllogism and from the established principles. According to this theory, living and non-living beings are distinguished based on movement. Aristotle's logic is the basis of theology in the West. Traditional Logic The Kauitlya Arthasathra gave rise to Indian logic Nyaya in India around 350 BC Gautama discovered this logic, this logic is also called “pramana sastra” or science of accurate knowledge. It mainly depends on 4 conditions: Subject or Praman Object or Pramya Pramiti or Cognition Nature of Knowledge. Correct knowledge is given by these 4 parmana Pratyaksha (direct perception) Anurmana (interference) Upamana (analogy) Sabda (verbal testimony). Swaroop of Nyaya is what distinguishes objects from each other. Asambhava and ativyapti are two errors of definition. Four categories used in direct perception by Gautama are the senses (indriya) the objects (artha) the contact of the senses (sannikara) the cognition produced by the contact (janana). Knowledge from the perceived regarding the unperceived is Anumana. The relationship between the two is of three types: cause, effect or the perceived elements or the creation of a joint effect of something else is among them. The syllogism shows that interference is taken from the knowledge of the universal relationship and its application to the specific situation. The minor premise (Pakashdharmata) is the form of perception while the major premise (Vyapti) derives from inductive forms of reasoning. The frequency of observation increases the probability of universal propositions that cannot be arrived at by reasoning alone and are not certain. Studies of Nyaya logic are advanced by comparison with an already known result. Errors and errors occur in Nyaya logic when it is mixed with correct logic. Comment by Suchisattam Saran: To conclude, Nyaya logic replaces Western logic in the form of specific inferences and logics. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Conclusion This assignment concludes that Nyaya Logic originated around the 6th century BC and the textual evidence became universally accepted. Nyaya logic is based on the 5 syllogisms where Aristotle's logic is based on 3 syllogisms. The simplification of Aristotle's 3-part syllogism compared to Nyaya's 5-part syllogism had also been discovered in India. The Greeks took inspiration from the logic provided in formal texts on the topics of Indian logic. Most of the transmission of Indian texts occurred during the end of the Alexendars era. The cosmologies of two civilizations.