There are two exams discovered by Sapire, the first is the SAE, which stands for Standard Average Europe. He found that SAE believes it can measure time through years, months, days, hours and seconds. The Hopi think of time as a circle, constantly wrapping around itself. They don't have detailed expressions for time, because they don't have detailed thoughts about it like Western Europeans do. They came to the conclusion that the language over time allowed Western Europe to industrialize and the Hopi not to. The Hopi's particular treatment of language reduced their ability to have complex thoughts about time, because their words for describing it were very limited. Language has a profound effect on the way humans think and interact with one another