Affirmative action is a policy that benefits those who tend to suffer discrimination. Affirmative action is used to reduce any form of discrimination. There are two types of discrimination. The first is de jure discrimination, the second de facto discrimination. De jure is by law, so any discrimination carried out by legal issues. In fact, this is how society or customs often lead to this discrimination. Affirmative action is used for positive discrimination. For example, in education, schools are authorized by law, so it is de jure discrimination, using affirmative action to increase the opportunities of disadvantaged people to enter that school. Affirmative action reduces de facto discrimination and increases de jure discrimination, so there is less of a gap between the two. Another example is social allowances; only the poor get welfare checks through affirmative action. So the fact that by law the poor only receive welfare checks is de jure discrimination. Using affirmative action with educational diversity benefits minorities because students will become accustomed to interacting with minorities, thus effectively reducing discrimination against minorities. This benefits the state because it encourages minorities to compete to attend a school in a state that promotes diversity. If a school in a state promotes diversity, more minorities will try to apply to that school. Consequently, the more people try to enter the school, the more the school's income will increase for the benefit of the state. Grutter v. Bollinger was about a student, Barbara Grutter, with an excellent GPA who was denied admission to the University of Michigan Law School. She sued claiming the university rejected her based on race to keep the school diverse. Bollinger was the president of the school and was the defendant. The school's admissions policy allowed the school to be racially diverse. The Supreme Court found the policy constitutional. According to Judge O'Connor, the school's admissions policy is a "holistic and highly individualized review of each applicant's practice." Fundamentally it is constitutional because the school wanted to promote scholastic diversity, which can improve the individual's social education, and not racial discrimination. This is important because the Supreme Court has allowed affirmative action in school admissions. Justice Thomas had a different opinion. According to Thomas, "there is no compelling state interest in Michigan to maintain an elite law school, due to the fact that a number of states have no law schools, let alone elite law schools"..