This is the moment when Confucius ironically changes his role from Confucian teacher to Taoist student as Robber Chih introduces him to the problems associated with Confucianism. Through the ironic role reversal of the two characters, Chuang Tzu criticizes the use of benevolence and righteousness in forcing people to do things that are not part of their innate intent and to engage in appropriate rituals. The bitter mockery serves to imply the similarity between the Confucian principle and the sin of Robber Chih as the former robs people of the ability to act naturally. Furthermore, the image of Confucius constantly bowing to Robber Chih in this chapter not only views the Confucian way of pursuing position and fame as a fraud, but also suggests the defeat of Confucianism in the competition with Taoist values. "You will certainly bring upon yourself pain and even death. The perfect man of old took care of himself before trying to help others. If you look at yourself and find that there are problems, what good will you be if you try to order out a dictator?" (Palmer, 26). While the first group of images portrays Confucius as a Confucian student, the second group turns the tables and depicts him as