In his article “A Critique of Modernization and Dependency Theories in Africa: Critical Evaluation”, author Jephias Matunhu presents three different development theories that have been present in history of Africa. Matunhu proposes that two of the major forms of development that have taken place on the African continent, modernization and dependency, have been extremely detrimental to Africa's development. These theories of development, both based on Africa's legacy of development at the hands of colonialism, have attempted to force progress and growth through Western perspectives, as opposed to an Afro-centric vision. As a counterargument, Matunhu offers the theory of the African Renaissance. It suggests that this form of development, modernization, is directly related to the historical colonial identity established in Africa throughout its history. From this perspective, Western perceptions of development were pushed onto African civilizations that were ineffective and often discriminatory. From the perspective of colonialism, it may seem that promoting different methods of development, such as more sophisticated technologies or more efficient practices for daily activities, was effective, but in the context of different African societies, it often was not. Matunhu uses the example of modernized agriculture in Africa to demonstrate this idea. He notes that the introduction of Western agricultural tools, such as artificial fertilizers, GMOs, and green technologies, has not helped development as modernization theorists expected (Matunhu 2011, 65). Before the impact of Western influences, African nations across the continent had different methods of cultivating, cultivating, and preserving crops that were effective without outside influences. These new technologies made Africa susceptible to new problems such as injury and disease at the hands of colonial forces. Matunhu suggests that modernization has come at the expense of Africans, allowing developed nations to benefit from the plethora of resources available in Africa. The author further discusses this point, along with the resulting historical oppressions of Black people, stating; “The Metropolis…explicitly implied that sub-Saharan Africa's development was far behind…due to the evident 'innate' inferiority of blacks in mastering the socioeconomic and technological environment in order to improve their social and economic conditions” ( Mathunhu 2011, 66). He blames developed nations for using stereotypes of Africans as inferior people in order to promote modernization theory